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Which of the following is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?


A) Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses.
B) Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis.
C) Fever reduces the iron level in the blood,thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria.
D) Fever kills some bacteria.
E) All answers are correct.

F) A) and D)
G) C) and D)

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The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is


A) histamine.
B) interleukin.
C) plasma.
D) complement protein.
E) epinephrinE.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?


A) The fetus and mother are not genetically identical.
B) The mother may have an autoimmune disease and recognize self antigens as foreign.
C) The mother's immune system may be suppressed.
D) The fetus is separated from the mother's blood and immune system.
E) By the time the mother produces antibodies,the baby has been born.

F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

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B cells or T cells are


A) basophils.
B) invaders.
C) lymphocytes.
D) allergies.
E) vaccines.

F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

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Antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope.An epitope is often just 5-6 amino acids from a protein on an antigen.Which of the following explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen?


A) T helper cells secrete enzymes that digest the pathogen.
B) B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen.
C) Cytotoxic T cells poke holes in the antigen.
D) Complement protein pokes holes in the antigen.
E) Macrophages engulf and digest the pathogen.

F) D) and E)
G) A) and E)

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How does the immune system recognize pathogens it has fought before?


A) The primary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a secondary immune response.
B) The primary immune response creates antigens which are activated in a secondary immune response.
C) The secondary immune response creates antigens which are activated in a primary immune response.
D) The secondary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a primary immune response.
E) The primary immune response creates memory B cells,the secondary immune response creates memory T cells,and these are both activated in a tertiary immune responsE.

F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

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In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene",which of the following would a person in a less-developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more-developed country,according to the hygiene hypothesis?


A) bacterial infection
B) parasites
C) asthma
D) viral infection
E) fungal infection

F) A) and E)
G) A) and C)

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Which of the following are examples of active immunity?


A) a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta,or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
B) antibodies produced from a vaccine,or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
C) only antibodies produced from a vaccine
D) only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta
E) only a person receiving an injection of antibodies

F) B) and C)
G) None of the above

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Which of the following is NOT attacked by the immune system as an intruder in humans?


A) ring worm in a foot
B) metastasized breast cancer
C) brain tumor
D) ebola virus
E) dead skin cells

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Immunological memory results from the production of


A) both B and T memory cells.
B) both mast and B memory cells.
C) mast memory cells only.
D) B memory cells only.
E) T memory cells only.

F) All of the above
G) B) and E)

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Which of the following is a method in which a pathogen can enter a vertebrate and the immune system defends against it?


A) sneezing
B) viruses
C) parasites
D) All answers are correct.
E) kissing

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)


A) interferon.
B) antibody.
C) complement protein.
D) phagocyte.
E) B cell.

F) A) and B)
G) All of the above

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A phagocyte is a


A) cell that engulfs other cells and debris.
B) cell that primarily is used to produce antibodies.
C) cell that produces white blood cells.
D) cell that produces platelets.
E) cell that transports oxygen to tissues.

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)


A) antibody.
B) antigen.
C) substrate.
D) phagocyte.
E) complement protein.

F) A) and C)
G) C) and D)

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