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Increases in U.S. living standards have matched increases in per capita energy use.

A) True
B) False

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As nations become richer, they tend to pollute


A) less and offer better protection for sensitive ecosystems.
B) less but offer worse protection for sensitive ecosystems.
C) more and offer worse protection for sensitive ecosystems.
D) more but offer better protection for sensitive ecosystems.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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A Middle Eastern country has an oil reserve that it can extract for a profit of $60 a barrel today, $65 a barrel in two years, $70 a barrel in three years, and $75 in four years. The current market rate of interest is 7 percent. When should this country tap into its oil reserve to obtain the most profit per barrel in present value terms?


A) two years
B) three years
C) four years
D) today

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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The era after the Industrial Revolution proved that it was impossible to have improved standards of living with large population growth.

A) True
B) False

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According to data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, which of the following nations had the fastest growing area of forested land in the period 2010-2015?


A) Brazil
B) United States
C) Nigeria
D) Iceland

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Weak property rights encourage faster extraction than would otherwise maximize the long-term stream of profits.

A) True
B) False

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  The table shows the quantity of gold bars in thousands, the extraction cost for each thousand bars (in millions of dollars) , and the user cost of each thousand bars (in millions of dollars) facing the OZ Mining Company this year (all costs are marginal) . Suppose that a new government regulation is going to shut down OZ's mining operation one year from now. If the current price per bar of gold is $25,000, how many bars (in thousands) should OZ extract and sell this year? A) 4 B) 3 C) 5 D) As many as possible The table shows the quantity of gold bars in thousands, the extraction cost for each thousand bars (in millions of dollars) , and the user cost of each thousand bars (in millions of dollars) facing the OZ Mining Company this year (all costs are marginal) . Suppose that a new government regulation is going to shut down OZ's mining operation one year from now. If the current price per bar of gold is $25,000, how many bars (in thousands) should OZ extract and sell this year?


A) 4
B) 3
C) 5
D) As many as possible

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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With modernization, the world's population will continue to decline even as many countries experience declining death rates.

A) True
B) False

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Whose An Essay on the Principle of Population argued that human living standards could only temporarily rise above subsistence?


A) Adam Smith
B) Thomas Malthus
C) John Maynard Keynes
D) Alfred Marshall

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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In fisheries management, a fishery is defined as


A) an operation that breeds and releases fish and other marine animals into the wild.
B) a stock of fish or other marine animals that can be thought of as a logically distinct group.
C) a company that harvests fish or other marine animals.
D) a government organization that regulates the harvesting of fish and other marine animals.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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To achieve economic efficiency in energy use, an economy


A) often uses a variety of energy sources.
B) must use the single energy source in which it can achieve economies of scale.
C) should use all energy sources in equal proportion.
D) should use only domestically produced energy.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Kara and Kyle are competing sockeye salmon fishers. Both have been allocated ITQs that limit their catch to 2,000 tons of sockeye salmon each. Kara's cost per ton is $7; Kyle's cost per ton is $11. If the market price of sockeye salmon is $16 per ton, what is the minimum amount per ton that Kara would have to offer Kyle to convince him to sell Kara his ITQs?


A) $6.
B) $4.
C) $5.
D) $9.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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A fishery collapse


A) necessarily happens when harvesting rates increase.
B) necessarily happens when reproduction rates fall.
C) occurs when harvesting outpaces reproduction for an extended period.
D) is irreversible.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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A logging company is considering logging an area for a current cost of $500 per acre to obtain a profit the next year of $600 per acre. The market rate of interest is 10 percent. Should the company make the investment?


A) Yes, the future value of the profit is greater than the present value of the cost.
B) No, the future value of the profit is less than the present value of the cost.
C) Yes, the present value of the profit is greater than the present value of the cost.
D) No, the present value of the profit is less than the present value of the cost.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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  Refer to the diagram, assuming that the firm represented is operating on curve TC ₀ . If the user cost increases by $20 at the beginning of the year, the quantity extracted in the first year will A) remain unchanged. B) decline by 250. C) decline by 500. D) decline by 1,000. Refer to the diagram, assuming that the firm represented is operating on curve TC ₀ . If the user cost increases by $20 at the beginning of the year, the quantity extracted in the first year will


A) remain unchanged.
B) decline by 250.
C) decline by 500.
D) decline by 1,000.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Overextraction of a resource in the present can occur because


A) there is a user cost.
B) there is an extraction cost.
C) users can benefit from conservation.
D) property rights are not clearly defined.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Property rights for fish from the open ocean


A) do not exist.
B) are established by the United Nations.
C) exist once the fish are sold at market.
D) exist once the fish are caught.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The long-run total demand for commodity resources is driven by which of the following forces?


A) rising number of people alive and an increasing amount of consumption per person
B) stable number of people alive and an increasing amount of consumption per person
C) rising number of people alive and a stable amount of consumption per person
D) rising number of people alive and a decreasing amount of consumption per person

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Donald fishes for swordfish at a cost of $6 per ton. Ronny fishes at a cost of $4 per ton. Both have one 1,000-ton ITQ, and the current market price is $10 per ton. If Donald sold his ITQ to Ronny for $5,000, society would benefit from


A) more fish being caught.
B) less fish being caught.
C) an efficiency savings in fishing costs of $2,000.
D) an efficiency savings in fishing costs of $5,000.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Per capita energy use in the United States has remained fairly constant since 1980.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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