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Exam 8: Reasons for Unreason

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Question 1

Multiple Choice

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The perception of a relationship where none actually exists or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists is called

A) the representative heuristic.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) an illusory correlation.
D) the overconfidence phenomenon.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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C

Question 2

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You attend a party where you do not know anyone but expect that people will be friendly.You behave in a warm and sociable manner.Your behavior,in turn,leads to other people being friendly to you.This situation can best be described as

A) an illusory correlation.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) behavioral confirmation.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Question 3

Multiple Choice

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Researchers investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms.Which class still showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?

William Ward and Herbert Jenkins (1965) conducted a hypothetical 50-day cloud-seeding experiment.Participants were told on which of the 50 days the clouds had been seeded and on which days it rained.The results indicated that sometimes it rained after seeding and sometimes it did not.In spite of these random results,the participants were convinced that there existed a relationship between cloud seeding and rain.This experiment best illustrates

Expectations can often predict behavior because

Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a commercial flight covering the same distance,people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving.Which type of heuristic is responsible for this assumption?

The cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in one's memory is called the _____ heuristic.

Murray and her colleagues (2003) found that among married couples the self-fulfilling prophecy occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections.The person who felt rejected was then motivated to

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviors to return toward average is called

According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975) ,if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets,you should repeatedly

The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes

Vivid,easy-to-imagine events,such as shark attacks or diseases with easy-to-picture symptoms,may seem more likely to occur than harder-to-picture events.This phenomenon is best explained by the

According to your text,people everywhere perceive mediators and media as

Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents

Researchers had male students speak on the telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive.When judges later analyzed the women's comments,they found that the

Although you once scored a 100 on your physics exam,you have subsequently been unable to get a perfect score again.Your experience may be understood in terms of

Research on gambling shows that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence.This illustrates

When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm those expectations,_____ is at work.

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called

Robert Feldman and Thomas Prohaska (1979) studied the effect of students' expectations upon their teachers and found that